Hiki i nā mea hou i ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā papa pōhaku ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka maikaʻi, ka lōʻihi, a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā code hoʻolālā hybrid.
Hiki ke ʻike i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ke kahua paʻa paʻa, a pono e hōʻoia ka mea hana ʻaelike i ka maikaʻi a me ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana. ʻO kēia mau hanana e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻana i ka ua i ka wā o ka ninini ʻana, ma hope o ka noi ʻana o nā pūhui hoʻōla, ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka plastik a me nā hola ʻoki i loko o kekahi mau hola ma hope o ka ninini ʻana, a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka kikokikona a me ka hoʻōla ʻana i nā pilikia. ʻOiai inā e hoʻokō ʻia nā koi ikaika a me nā hoʻokolohua ʻē aʻe, pono paha nā mea ʻenekinia i ka wehe ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻāpana pavement no ka mea hopohopo lākou e pili ana nā mea in-situ i nā kikoʻī hoʻolālā mix.
I kēia hihia, hiki i ka petrography a me nā ʻano hoʻāʻo hoʻohui (akā naʻe) ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka maikaʻi a me ka lōʻihi o ka hui ʻana o ka palaki a inā paha lākou e hoʻokō i nā kikoʻī hana.
Kiʻi 1. Nā hiʻohiʻona o nā micrograph microscope fluorescence o ka paʻi paʻi ma 0.40 w / c ( kihi hema hema) a me 0.60 w / c ( kihi ʻākau o luna). Hōʻike ka helu hema haʻahaʻa i ka mea hana no ke ana ʻana i ka resistivity o kahi cylinder konikō. Hōʻike ka helu ʻākau haʻahaʻa i ka pilina ma waena o ka resistivity volume a me w/c. ʻO Chunyu Qiao a me DRP, kahi Hui Twining
ʻO ke kānāwai o ʻAberama: "ʻO ka ikaika paʻa o ka hui ʻana i ka ʻiʻo ua like ʻole me kona ratio wai-sima."
Ua wehewehe mua ʻo Polofesa Duff Abrams i ka pilina ma waena o ka ratio wai-cement (w/c) a me ka ikaika compressive i ka makahiki 1918 [1], a ua hoʻokumu i ka mea i kapa ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo ke kānāwai ʻo ʻAberama: "ʻO ka ikaika compressive o ka ratio wai / sima." Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka ikaika compressive, ua makemake ʻia ka ratio cement water (w/cm) i kēia manawa no ka mea e ʻike i ka hoʻololi ʻana o Portland cement me nā mea hoʻohui e like me ka lehu lele a me ka slag. ʻO ia hoʻi kahi ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ke kūpaʻa paʻa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina he nui ka paʻa o ka hui ʻana me ka w/cm haʻahaʻa ma mua o ~ 0.45 i loko o nā kaiapuni koʻikoʻi, e like me nā wahi i ʻike ʻia i nā pōʻai maloʻo me ka deicing paʻakai a i ʻole nā wahi kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka sulfate i loko o ka lepo.
ʻO nā pores capillary kahi ʻāpana o ka slurry sima. Aia lākou i ka manawa ma waena o nā huahana hydration cement a me nā ʻāpana cement unhydrated i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai. [2] ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā pores capillary ma mua o nā pores i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a paʻa paha a ʻaʻole pono e huikau me lākou. Ke hoʻopili ʻia nā pores capillary, hiki ke neʻe ka wai mai ke kaiapuni waho ma o ka paʻi. Kapa ʻia kēia ʻano he penetration a pono e hōʻemi ʻia e hōʻoia i ka paʻa. ʻO ka microstructure o ka hui paʻa paʻa paʻa ʻo ia ka ʻāpana o nā pores ma mua o ka pili ʻana. Hana ʻia kēia inā emi ka w/cm ma mua o ~0.45.
ʻOiai he mea paʻakikī loa ke ana pololei i ka w/cm o ka pāpaʻi paʻa, hiki i kahi ala hilinaʻi ke hāʻawi i kahi mea hana hōʻoia koʻikoʻi no ka noiʻi ʻana i ka wili paʻa paʻa. Hāʻawi ka microscopy fluorescence i kahi hopena. Penei ka hana ana.
ʻO ka microscopy fluorescence kahi hana e hoʻohana ai i ka epoxy resin a me nā mea hoʻonaninani fluorescent e hoʻomālamalama i nā kikoʻī o nā mea. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ia i ka ʻepekema lapaʻau, a loaʻa pū kekahi i nā noi nui i ka ʻepekema waiwai. Ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻohana ʻōnaehana o kēia ʻano hana i loko o ke kaʻa ma kahi o 40 mau makahiki i hala ma Denmark [3]; Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ia ma nā ʻāina Nordic i ka makahiki 1991 no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka w / c o ka paʻa paʻa, a ua hoʻonui ʻia i ka makahiki 1999 [4].
No ke ana ʻana i ka w/cm o nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka sima (ʻo ia hoʻi ke kaʻa, mortar, a me ka grouting), hoʻohana ʻia ka epoxy fluorescent no ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻāpana lahilahi a i ʻole ʻāpana ʻāpana me ka mānoanoa ma kahi o 25 microns a i ʻole 1/1000 iniha (Figure 2). ʻO ke kaʻina hana e ʻoki ʻia i loko o nā poloka palahalaha (kapa ʻia nā blanks) me kahi ākea o 25 x 50 mm (1 x 2 iniha). Hoʻopili ʻia ka blank i kahi paheʻe aniani, waiho ʻia i loko o kahi keʻena ʻūhā, a hoʻokomo ʻia ka resin epoxy ma lalo o ka momi. Ke piʻi nei ka w / cm, e hoʻonui ka pilina a me ka helu o nā pores, no laila e komo hou aku ka epoxy i loko o ka paʻi. Nānā mākou i nā ʻōpala ma lalo o kahi microscope, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pūʻulu o nā kānana kūikawā e hoʻoulu ai i nā dyes fluorescent i loko o ka resin epoxy a kānana i nā hōʻailona keu. Ma kēia mau kiʻi, hōʻike nā wahi ʻeleʻele i nā ʻāpana aggregate a me nā ʻāpana cement unhydrated. ʻO ka porosity o nā mea ʻelua he 0%. ʻO ka pōʻai'ōmaʻomaʻo'ōmaʻomaʻo ka porosity (ʻaʻole ka porosity), aʻo ka porosity he 100%. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau hiʻohiʻona ʻO ka "substance" ʻōmaʻomaʻo kikoʻī he paʻi (Figure 2). I ka piʻi ʻana o ka w/cm a me ka capillary porosity o ke kaʻa, ʻoi aku ka māmā o ke kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo kūikawā o ka paʻi (e ʻike i ke kiʻi 3).
Kiʻi 2. ʻO ka micrograph fluorescence o nā flakes e hōʻike ana i nā ʻāpana i hui pū ʻia, nā hakahaka (v) a me ka paʻi. ʻO ka laulā ākea ākea he ~ 1.5 mm. ʻO Chunyu Qiao a me DRP, kahi Hui Twining
Kiʻi 3. Hōʻike nā micrograph fluorescence o nā flakes i ka piʻi ʻana o ka w/cm, ʻoi aku ka māmā o ka paʻi ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau huila a loaʻa i ka lehu lele. ʻO Chunyu Qiao a me DRP, kahi Hui Twining
Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻikepili kiʻi i ka unuhi ʻana i ka ʻikepili nui mai nā kiʻi. Hoʻohana ʻia ia ma nā ʻano ʻepekema ʻē aʻe, mai ka microscope sensing mamao. ʻO kēlā me kēia pika i ke kiʻi kikohoʻe e lilo i wahi kikoʻī. ʻAe kēia ʻano iā mākou e hoʻopili i nā helu i nā pae ʻōmaʻomaʻo like ʻole i ʻike ʻia ma kēia mau kiʻi. I loko o nā makahiki he 20 i hala iho nei, me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka mana computing desktop a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi, ua lilo ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi i mea hana pono e hiki ai i nā microscopists (me nā petrologists concrete) ke hoʻohana. Hoʻohana pinepine mākou i ka loiloi kiʻi e ana i ka porosity capillary o ka slurry. I ka wā lōʻihi, ua ʻike mākou aia kahi hoʻopili helu ʻōnaehana ikaika ma waena o w / cm a me ka porosity capillary, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia kiʻi (Figure 4 a me Figure 5)).
Kiʻi 4. Ka laʻana o ka ʻikepili i loaʻa mai nā micrograph fluorescence o nā ʻāpana lahilahi. Hoʻolālā kēia pakuhi i ka helu o nā pika ma kahi pae hina i hāʻawi ʻia i ka photomicrograph hoʻokahi. Pili nā piko ʻekolu i nā hōʻuluʻulu (ka ʻālani ʻalani), paʻi (wahi hina), a me ka ʻole (ka piko piha ʻole ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau loa). ʻO ka pihi o ka paʻi e hiki ai i kekahi ke helu i ka nui o ka pore awelika a me kāna ʻano hoʻololi maʻamau. ʻO Chunyu Qiao a me DRP, Twining Company Kiʻi 5. Hōʻuluʻulu kēia pakuhi i ke ʻano o nā ana capillary w / cm awelika a me 95% mau manawa hilinaʻi i loko o ka hui ʻana i haku ʻia me ka sima maʻemaʻe, lele lehu sima, a me ka mea hoʻopili pozzolan maoli. ʻO Chunyu Qiao a me DRP, kahi Hui Twining
I ka hōʻike hope loa, pono ʻekolu mau hoʻokolohua kūʻokoʻa e hōʻoia i ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka pahu ma ka pūnaewele me ka ʻōlelo hoʻolālā hui. E like me ka hiki, e kiʻi i nā laʻana koʻikoʻi mai nā wahi i kūpono i nā pae hoʻohālike āpau, a me nā laʻana mai nā wahi pili. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kumu o ka hoʻolālā i ʻae ʻia ma ke ʻano he laʻana mana, a hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana ia mea ma ke ʻano he pae no ka loiloi ʻana i ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka hoʻolālā kūpono.
I kā mākou ʻike, ke ʻike nā ʻenekinia me nā moʻolelo i ka ʻikepili i loaʻa mai kēia mau hoʻāʻo, ʻae pinepine lākou i kahi hoʻokomo inā loaʻa nā ʻano ʻenehana nui (e like me ka ikaika compressive). Ma ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā ana quantitative o w/cm a me ke kumu hoʻokumu, hiki iā mākou ke hele ma mua o nā hoʻāʻo i kuhikuhi ʻia no nā hana he nui e hōʻoia i ka hui ʻana i nīnau ʻia he mau waiwai e unuhi i ka lōʻihi maikaʻi.
ʻO David Rothstein, Ph.D., PG, FACI ke poʻokela lithographer o DRP, A Twining Company. Loaʻa iā ia ma mua o 25 mau makahiki o ka ʻoihana petrologist ʻoihana a nānā pono iā ia ma mua o 10,000 mau laʻana mai nā papahana ʻoi aku ma mua o 2,000 a puni ka honua. ʻO Kauka Chunyu Qiao, ka mea ʻepekema poʻokela o DRP, kahi Hui Twining, he kanaka kālaihonua a me nā mea ʻepekema ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻumi makahiki o ka ʻike i nā mea hana sima a me nā huahana pōhaku kūlohelohe a hoʻoponopono ʻia. Loaʻa i kāna ʻike ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nānā ʻana i ke kiʻi a me ka microscopy fluorescence e aʻo ai i ka lōʻihi o ke kaʻa, me ka manaʻo nui i ka pōʻino i hana ʻia e ka deicing paʻakai, alkali-silicon reactions, a me ka hoʻouka kemika i nā mea kanu hoʻōla wai.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-07-2021